Marxist Theory on Crime and Punishment Essay Essays

Marxist Theory on Crime and Punishment Essay Essays Marxist Theory on Crime and Punishment Essay Paper Marxist Theory on Crime and Punishment Essay Paper Essay Topic: Crime and Punishment Marxist Theory and Crime and Punishment Throughout human history countless philosophers have risen with what they thought to be the best signifier of authorities for society as a whole. Karl Marx may be the most influential philosopher in Russian history. Harmonizing to The Free Dictionary. Marxism is the construct that â€Å"class battle plays a cardinal function in understanding society’s allegedly inevitable development from bourgeois subjugation under capitalist economy to a socialist and finally egalitarian society† . With this theory. Marx had a great impact on Russian literature? specifically. Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s Crime and Punishment. Harmonizing the the Marxist theory. one would construe Crime and Punishment as a perfect illustration to the rise of communism. This fresh embodies the Marxist theory because it is a announcement of a labor. being that Raskolnikov is out of topographic point in society. fighting from a paralysing poor ness and has a craving for contending for the common good among a society of unfair people. Harmonizing to the Marxist theory. aberrance is an apprehensible response to poorness. Throughout the novel. there are many cases where Raskolnikov. along with other characters in the novel. suffer from poorness and in return take drastic steps. For case. Sonya Marmeladov. a good ­willed. spiritual beauty. turned to harlotry in order to assist her household stay afloat. Even puting down. â€Å"thirty rubles on the table† . could halt the kids from shouting from famishment. and maintain a roof over their caputs a small longer ( 1. 2. 20 ) . Furthermore. poorness becomes a portion of Raskolnikov

Essay and Editing Edification - Your Top Five Tips

Essay and Editing Edification - Your Top Five Tips Essay and Editing Edification Your Top Five Tips While we can sometimes depend on technology to let us know when we have made spelling errors, it is crucial to remember that technology is not always reliable. Spelling is so important. Spelling accurately helps others understand you and improves your essay writing and editing skills. In addition, word knowledge makes it possible for you to understand more of what you read. The more you learn about spelling, the more you know about how words function. This knowledge can help you figure out the meaning of new words, and the best way to pronounce them. Before you learn to spell English words, figure out which type of spelling you want to learn. Canadian English has somewhat different spellings and merges both American and British conventions. For example words such as paralyze and realize are customarily spelled with -yse (for the former) and -ise (for the latter), replacing the â€Å"z† with an â€Å"s.† Confused yet? Don’t worry. Here are five tips to enhance your essay writing and editing skills: Read a lot Nothing’s better for learning about words than reading. Just as we learn spoken English by hearing people talking, we learn written language (including spelling) by reading many different sources. Spelling isnt about how a word sounds, it’s about how it looks on the page, which means you must examine words in printed material to learn how theyre spelled. Analyze misspelled words Create a list of your frequently misspelled words. When you find that you are spelling the same word wrong over and over again, take note of the word or write it down on a notepad. Perhaps you already know the way to spell some frequently misspelled words (good for you)! When you find a strange word, look it up in the dictionary and write it in your notepad. Unlike the enormous lists of â€Å"usually misspelled words† in the rear of some grammar books, this is your custom list that reveals the words and spelling rules that challenge you. So, instead of a long list of other peoples challenges, you have a custom-made guide of your own. Use mnemonics. Mnemonics are memory tricks. Spelling rules are often intangible and, in English, completely at odds, so they can be difficult to remember. So mnemonics â€Å"sneak in† through an alternative part of your brain, by rhyming, imagining, or forming a pattern to help make sense of the spelling of a word. Here are some examples of spelling mnemonics: Rhymes and tunes make words easier to recall. You can even make up your own! An acronym chooses the first letter of a couple of words and puts them together. You might already use acronyms online or in texts. LOL, stands for â€Å"Laughing Out Loud.† TGIF for â€Å"Thank God It’s Friday.† One way to recall some catchy spellings is by turning the word into a mnemonic. Turn hard words into absurd sentences and you will recall them in no time. Some mnemonics use sentences to describe the hard part of spelling a word. Having difficulty spelling the word â€Å"isle†? Keep in mind, an isle is land encircled by water. To spell â€Å"separate† correctly remember the a rat in the middle of word. Crosswords and code words Puzzles are an excellent method to make your brain work harder and enhance your general knowledge, and they’re a superior method for improving your spelling. Crosswords supply a string of hints to find words which you place in overlapping horizontal and vertical boxes. Other â€Å"brain teasers† include â€Å"jumbles† where you work out which numbers stand for certain letters, in order to spell a `code word’ in a phrase. If you get the spelling incorrect in either a crossword or a code word, the other words won’t match, so it’s a great idea to use a dictionary as a tool when solving those puzzles. Crosswords are a time-tested method of learning new words and mastering how to spell. It is a fun game and involves a fair amount of brain activity. Sometimes you might guess which words go where, but eventually you will come to realize that you have learned several new words and the correct spelling for these words; it’s a great aid. Work with others Many individuals find group work more exciting than solo study sessions. Groups can break the monotony of learning, and, by divvying up spelling jobs and sharing words that are tricky, you can pool your resources. One way to test yourself on a word you spelled from its pronunciation is to get somebody else to pronounce your spelled word. If they cannot figure out the word, there’s a possibility you misspelled it. When you work in groups, youll be able to take turns testing each other, and the sessions can be both useful and fun. So, how does that make you feel? Is it a daunting list? Perhaps. However, if you work with others you can cut the workload. And, hey, there arent any real short cuts in enhancing your spelling skills. It requires true dedication. These tips will help you streamline the procedure and empower you to maximize your study time. Check out some free sample essays on our website to help improve your spelling skills today.

English Eassy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English Eassy - Essay Example Undue influence is a major disastrous tool employed by authority and those in top position to block masses from thinking rationality. The possession of tools of transformation, analysis and evaluation by a rational thinker form the basis upon which a creative and critical thinker should be rated. Such features as inquisitiveness to ascertain finer details based on the analysis of a particular issue on questions are regarded as tools amplifying the ability by people to make independent decisions. This calls for a proper identification and understanding of a particular environment a person lives in terms of people and cultural practices. Culture has led to determent in decision made based on stereotype and superstition as people infer from deeply-rooted culture. The is mind cornered and enclosed thus blocked from developing open-mindedness to see solutions behind every challenge. The results are that people fall into circumstance motions. Foster rates real freedom as a conglomeration of attentiveness, exposed, discipline, caring to oneself and others as well as appreciating the need to sacrifice for others through own effort. In his book, â€Å"This is Water†, Foster illustrates; essential lonesomeness of a person, the significance of being positively adjusted and the difficulty of empathy as hindrance to attain freedom of mind. Wallace attaches high education to consciously think about meaning, perception of others and defines how to act when faced with situations. Based on this revelation, the researchers self-evaluation indicates that he is still cannot be rated as a conscious human. Education is viewed as a vessel to redefine individual culminating into sympathy and consciousness making one rated to have climaxed true freedom. Wallace alludes to three fish and water to explain the meaning of liberal arts as making one understand the importance of environment to freedom of mind (Wallace, 167). He calls for

Croatia the Presentation of the Countrys Main Policies and Domains Essay

Croatia the Presentation of the Countrys Main Policies and Domains - Essay Example These two regions extend over the rough Adriatic coast. Its central regions contain densely wooded mountains in Lika and Gorski Kotar which are part of the Dinaric Alps mountain range (Croatia officially the Republic of Croatia). The Northeast region comprises of fertile agricultural land, and cattle breeding constitutes an important economic activity. Fruits are produced in the central mountain belt; and Istria and Dalmatia produce grapes and olives, in abundance. Croatia’s major industries are food processing, wine, textiles, chemicals, petroleum and natural gas. It is a parliamentary republic with a unicameral legislature. The head of the Croatian state is the President and the Prime Minister is the head of the government (Croatia officially the Republic of Croatia). In the 7th century AD, the southern Slavic people migrated to Croatia, where they formed a dukedom, under Charlemagne’s rule in the 8th century AD. In the 10th century, they converted to Christianity and established their own kingdom. Croatia remained an independent state, under the ruling of native kings. In 1102 AD, Croatia came under Hungarian rule. However, institutions of the Croatians survived even under the rule of the Hungarian dynasty. Gradually, its territory was relocated and moved towards the north and west. In 1420, its Dalmatia region was appropriated by Venice. The conquests of the Ottoman Empire further reduced its territory, in the 16th century (Croatia officially the Republic of Croatia). In the same period, the Austrian Habsburgs occupied the remaining area of Croatia and brought it under their rule. In 1867 Croatia became part of the Austro – Hungarian Empire. Its major regions Dalmatia and Istria were ruled by Vienna and Croatia – Slavonia. In 1918, after Austria – Hungary was defeated in the First World War; Croatia formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes by merging with southern Slavic territories.  Ã‚  

Racial Discrimination Essay Example for Free

Racial Discrimination Essay Racial discrimination involves treating someone unfavorably because he/she is of a certain race or because of personal characteristics associated with race such as skin color. Race here can mean that people belong to different countries, castes or different geographical regions within a country. It is unlawful to harass a person because of that person’s race or color. Harassment can include offensive or derogatory remarks about a persons race or color, or unfair treatment due to differences in race. Racial discrimination has existed for eons now and while we’d like to believe that it has reduced or is non-existent in the society we live in today, the fact of the matter is that it still exists and can be felt in different facets of the society even today. Mahatma Gandhi was a victim of racial discrimination years ago in Africa because he was an Indian despite the fact that he was a very well educated professional lawyer. He was thrown out of a train at midnight merely because he was an Indian. We, Indians, faced cruel and intense racial discrimination in our very own country at the hands of the Britishers only because we were Indians ! Racial discrimination prevailed at every step and every part while the British ruled us. Indians were not allowed to share the same space with Britishers. â€Å"Dogs and Indians† not allowed†¦well that is the kind of injustice Indians faced at the hands of the Britishers. There were schools where Indians were not allowed, In offices, Indians could never get to the top ranks and even at social gatherings, Britishers would not allow Indians entry. What’s ironic is that we still suffer the aftermath of this racial discrimination even 60 years after independence†¦we still believe that it’s a priviledge to be fair skinned†¦.companies in India make millions selling fairness creams not just for women, but even men ! This is not all. We have created and still live by the caste system which leads to discrimination on various accounts. Discrimination also exists due to people belonging to different states or geographies within our country. Racial discrimination has been the worst against the Dark skinned or Blacks as we know them in the Western world. The likes of Nelson Mandela have fought hard against it but it still exists today. God made us all the same. The blood that runs in our bodies is the same. Our brains think alike and our hearts feel the same too then why have we created a demon like racial discrimination, which even after years of education and civilization, we can’t get rid of ? Let Us, the future of this country pledge that we would free our minds and souls and never be a part of racial discrimination in any way. Thank You !

Essay --

Fear and respect, Firstly, is there a fixed difference between fear and respect? Well before we can answer this question we need to have a clear definition and understanding of what fear and respect are. Fear is an unpleasant and distressing emotion induced by a threat to one’s physical health or mental health, imposing danger or a sense of uncertainty. Respect on the hand defined as a courteous consideration of another person. If someone respects someone else they are giving value and worth to them. However genuine respect is not to be confused with fealty. Fealty is where one acts in a respectful manner towards someone else because they owe them duty and has nothing to do with ones feelings for another. So from these definitions it is evident that there is in-fact a difference between fear and respect. â€Å"Fear is toxic whereas respect is nurturing. Fear destroys self-confidence while respect builds it. Fear is life-threatening yet respect is life-enhancing. Fear is forced whereas respect is gained and fear is learned whilst respect is earned.† A New York City gang member was asked ...

Business Communication Questionnaire Essay

Using information from your text book, class discussions and your knowledge and experience, answer the following ten questions (in about 50 – 100 words each). Submit your answers that includes the original question in a word document (not hand written). 1. What are the main challenges facing business communicators today? I feel that main challenges facing business communicators today would be listening. I feel it’s very difficult for managers to adjust this skill. Due to the fact of all the pressures of keeping success in the business, there may not be time to sit and listen to the needs of the employees and the customers. Without taking the time to listen and finding a way to understand others point of view, managerial staff may never understand or be aware of the needs and wants an employee might have, which could cause a few problems in the work area. 2. List five trends in the workplace that affect business communicators? How might they affect you in your career? Email made it faster and easier for people to swap words and data, could also be a bad issue due to increasing amount of spam. Another would be shared work space. Many people like their bubble and don’t want people to be crammed in next to Joe the annoying guy. Dress Code would be another. Sometimes people can offend others but what they wear which could cost you your job. Video conferencing would be a bonus because you could be across the world as an owner and still be able to attend meetings. Listening is a great trend. People need to develop great listening skills to move forward in their career. 3. Name five unprofessional communication techniques that can sabotage a career. Speech habits such as using â€Å"like† all the time, or relying on slang. An email is another, not writing in complete sentences or using misspelled words. Spell check is on everything and everyone should use it. One should also not have an inappropriate email address such as â€Å"hotbabe@gmail.com†. Voice mails would be another technique that a person should be aware of. You don’t want any loud music or annoying people in the back ground of your voice mail. You also should bad mouth another employee. You never know who that person you’re talking to might go run and tell and possibly mix up the story or tell the wrong person. Another would be text messaging many times people can’t tell the tone in which you send a text and it might come across offensive. 4. List five suggestions for enhancing comprehension when you are talking with people for whom English is a second language. Context, individualism, formality, communication style and time oriented. It is important that when talking with people whose main language is not English to be patient with them. It’s not easy for them to understand all the different ways we put our words into context one thing to us might mean another to them. Speak to them as if you were in their country and you only spoke a few words of their language 5. What factors are important in selecting an appropriate channel to deliver a message? Many conversations in business are one on one but it is important to know how to be comfortable with speaking in front of large groups. Also one must be aware of anything that could disrupt a transmission also known as noise. An example would be a PowerPoint slide that doesn’t show up properly, or has misspelled words. Same goes for a telephone call, a lot of business people rely on speaker phone and the other person speaking might not realize they are on it and bad mouth someone. 6. How does profiling the audience help a business communicator prepare a message? By Profiling your audience before you prepare a message you can identify the appropriate tone, language and channel for your audience. It doesn’t matter how long or short your message is you want to make sure you target the audience’s interests. Most of the readers or listeners will be thinking about what’s in it for me so you must target them to keep them interested. 7. Why is conciseness especially important in business? Writing concisely means to eliminate words that aren’t necessary because they don’t add anything to the meaning of a sentence. Long drawn out letters in business wastes readers’ time and energy, this can irritate rather than aid readers in what they are reading and potentially make them look elsewhere. 8. How is business writing different from academic writing? Writing for business and academics are both very important skills to know. They either can bring you up in your career or hold you back. I feel that business writing is a little more difficult because you’re not sure how the reader is going to feel about your product or service. Whereas an academic paper such as a research paper you have all the resources you need and are not trying to sell yourself to a potential customer. 9. Describe the â€Å"You-View† approach. The â€Å"you-view† approach when writing a message is adding in words that emphasize second-person pronouns such as you and your instead of first-person pronouns like I’ve or ours. Having a â€Å"you† gives the receiver a more personal message specifically made for them. It could also give complements and gratitude for their business. 10. Describe the key steps in a writing process. Determine the purpose and select an appropriate channel. You must think your message thoroughly before you begin writing the message. Then you must envision your audience and understand who your audience will make it easier to share the message with. After that you must construct a message that is directed to the audience’s needs and concerns, make it about what they want to hear and gain knowledge from. Organize your message would be the next step making sure that your message is concise and well written. Construct a first draft by writing out all your ideas and start with a rough draft. And lastly Revise and proof read to make sure there are no errors and that all your facts are correct.

Construction Of Human Muscles Health And Social Care Essay

Smooth musculus contracts involuntarily, contraction of this musculus is controlled by the nervous system automatically and unconsciously. Contractions are rhythmic and slow. It is responsible for motion of nutrient through the digestive piece of land and for motion of other organic structure variety meats. Smooth musculuss control automatic, nonvoluntary motions such as those of take a breathing and of the digestive variety meats. It makes up the walls of the digestive piece of land, respiratory piece of land, GU piece of land, blood vass, and lymphatic vass. Smooth musculus is nonstriated because it lacks the striations ( sets ) of skeletal musculuss. Smooth musculus cells are little, mononucleated ( frequently with gap junction ) , and fusiform. There is merely one karyon located at the centre of the cell. Muscle tissue consist nuclei per fibre and nervus tissue consist of karyon of glial cells. Neuron and musculus tissue have nucleus and fibres. Neurotransmitters and musculus tissue have chondriosomes. Muscle tissue consists of cells that have the ability to contract and move organic structure. Muscle tissue is composed of long cells called musculus fibres that are capable of undertaking when stimulated by nervus urges. Nervous tissue sense stimulation and transmits signals form one portion to another. nervous tissue contains cells that react to stimuli and carry on an urge. The functional unit of nervous tissue is the nerve cell, or nervus cells, which is specialized to convey signals called nervus urges. It consists of a cell organic structure and two or more extensions, or procedures, called dendrites and axons. Dendrites are cell subdivisions that receive urges form other nerve cells or from receptors. The axon is a subdivision of the cell that transmits urges off from the cyton. Neurotransmitters are chemicals secreted into the synaptic spread ( spread between two nervousnesss or a nervus and a musculus ) by the terminal of a terminal subdivision. They transmit urges across th e synapse signifier one cell to another. In a spinal physiological reaction, urges pass from ( 1 ) a receptor to ( 2 ) a centripetal nerve cell to ( 3 ) an interneuron in the spinal cord to ( 4 ) a motor nerve cell to ( 5 ) a musculus or secretory organ. Motor nerve cells transmit and distribute urges from the cardinal nervous system to musculuss and secretory organs, or effecters. Epithelial tissue consists of cells fitted tightly together to organize a uninterrupted bed of cells. One surface of the sheet is exposed because it lines a pit, such as the lms of the bowel, or covers the organic structure. The other surface of an epithelial bed is attached to the underlying tissue by a acellular cellar membrane composed of bantam fibres and nonliving polysaccharide stuff produced by the epithelial cells. The cellar membrane attaches an epithelial tissue to the connective tissue. The cellar membrane consists of glycoproteins secreted by epithelial cells. Epithelial cells are held together by tight junctions and adhering junctions. Tight junctions extend throughout the surface and around the margin of an epithelial cell and seal it tightly to next cells. The junction is formed by blending the cell membranes of next cells with meshing membrane lipoproteins. The intercellular infinite is thin. Tight junctions seal epithelial cells to one another and have fused parts of the plasma membranes. Proteins in the membranes seal off the intercellular infinite, so it is hard for some substances to go through between the cells. In desmosomes, a submicroscopic infinite separates the opposing cell membranes, and intracellular ceratin fibres anchor transmembrane glycoproteins that bind the cells together. Desmosomes are seals between cells with ceratin fibrils grounding the two cells. Desmosomes are one type of adhering junction. Still another type of junction is the spread junction. Desmosomes and adhering junctions are found between cells that form a sheet of tissue. Gap junctions are protein composites that form channels in membranes. In the spread junction, cannular passageways and channels exist between cells, and little ions and molecules pass from cell to cell. Smooth and cardiac musculus tissue has these junctions, but epithelial tissues do non. Regeneration means cell or tissue growing that replaces lost constructions, damaged/dead cells by the same type of cells. It involves production of the same cell type, root cells may bring forth and distinguish to replace decease cells. Regeneration requires integral connective tissue staging. The regeneration takes topographic point in clean lesions where infection is non present in cut or scratch on the tegument. If the harm over a big country, so the underlying connective tissue cells and fibroblasts are involved in tissue fix. In a simple skin hurt, the deep bed of graded squamous epithelial tissue divides. The new stratified squamous epithelial cells push themselves upward toward the surface of the tegument. the harm or lesion is rapidly and wholly restored to normal. If a big country of tegument is damaged, fluid will get away from the broken capillaries. The capillary fluid prohibitionists and seals the lesions organizing a strikebreaker. Epithelial cells multiply at the borders of the strikebreaker and go on to turn over the damaged country until it is covered. When deep tissue is damaged the suturas bring together the borders of the lesion. The lesions have a enormous sum of serous fluid that leaks out onto the lesion. This helps to organize a curdling ( coagulum ) that seals the lesion. The clot contains tissue fragments and white blood cells. The epithelial cells run alonging the capillaries and fibroblasts of connective tissue are quickly renewing. New vascular tissue starts to organize and multiply across the lesion along with connective tissue formation. Fibroblast cells are active in doing new collagen fibres. Capillaries keeping the borders steadfastly together and collagenic fibres shorten cut downing cicatrix tissue less seeable. Fibrosis is a procedure of replacing of damaged tissue with cicatrix tissue. Scar tissue does non reconstruct normal map. The cicatrix tissue formed depends on the extent of tissue harm. It helps to keep an organ together. Granulation occur in a big unfastened lesion with little or big tissue loss. It causes the surface country to hold a gravelly texture. Fibroblasts will be active in production of new collagenic fibres. In granulation procedure a fluid is secreted, this fluid has strong bactericidal belong ingss which helps cut down the hazard of infection during lesion healing. The ureter would use smooth musculus, smooth musculus and specialised epithelial tissue of the vesica wall capable of great shrinking and stretching. Smooth musculus signifiers beds in the wall of the urinary piece of lands. The nephritic capsule consist of dense hempen connective tissue covers the kidney and is uninterrupted with the outer bed of the ureter at the hilum of the kidney. The nephritic facia is heavy hempen connective tissue, it surrounds an ground tackles and kidney. The outer bed of ureter composed of hempen connective tissue. In female the urethra is tightly bound to the anterior vaginal wall by hempen connective tissue. Adipose tissue is type of loose hempen connective tissue that consist of big sum of adipose cells. This adipose tissue is found around the kidneys.

United Nations Human Rights Council

United Nations Human Rights Council Introduction The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is an inter-governmental organization and an organ of the United Nations; all members of the United Nations members are members of UNHRC, the council seat, however, has a membership of 47 countries and it is charged with the responsibility of promoting and protecting human rights across the world, it fundamentally addresses matters concerning human rights violations.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on United Nations Human Rights Council specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More United Nation Human Rights Council was established on 15 march, 2006 by the UN General Assembly primarily to replace the United Nation High Commission on Human Rights which had been ineffective in solving the human rights issues and also due to the fact that several of its membership were perceived to be human rights abusers. The United Nations Commission for Human Rights was criticized for its effectiveness since it dwelt too much on the Israel situation at the expense of the other human rights issues. UNHCR was also criticized for its politicization and double standards in handling the Israel situation. The membership of the council was 47 states and was geographically distributed according to regions and continents. The distribution was 13 countries from African continent, 13 countries were from Asia, and 6 came from Eastern Europe, 8 from the Latin America and the Caribbean and 7 countries were from Western Europe. The threshold for calling sessions was placed at one third of the membership and could sit not less than three sessions per year. The status of the council was to be reviewed by the Security Council at the intervals of five years (Matas 10) The members of the United Nation General Assembly meet to vote for those who can occupy the forty seven main seats in the council. The term of each member state in the council serves for a two-three year term. The me mbers who are elected to the council should uphold the highest standards in the protection of human rights. All the united Nation members are eligible for election into the council provided they receive an absolute majority of the votes and they should be nominated by their blocs or regions.Advertising Looking for term paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The members that presently seat in the council are Africa; Angola, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Djibouti, Gabon, Ghana, Libya, Mauritania, Mauritius, Nigeria, Uganda, Senegal and Zambia. Asian countries in the council are; Bahrain, Bangladesh, China, Japan, Jordan, Malaysia, Maldives, Kyrgyzstan, Thailand, republic of Korea, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Pakistan. Eastern Europe: Hungary, Poland, republic of Moldova, Russian federation, Slovakia and Ukraine; the countries from Western Europe are Belgium, France, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, United K ingdom and united states. Those from Latin America and the Caribbean are Argentina Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico and Uruguay (Blanchfield 5). The UNHRC has been relentless in condemning the state of Israel, majority of the resolutions have been targeting Israel which is a perceived violator of human rights and had became a permanent feature in each of the council’s session. Other countries that have been condemned by the UNHRC are Sudan, Iran. The development of bloc voting has made the council a political instrument and it has attracted criticism from other states. This idea of voting along blocs has enhanced a unity of convenience between the nations of Africa and those of Middle East; they are often supported by the China, Russia and Cuba, this complicates the objectivity of the council. Under the statutes of UNHRC, a council member can have its rights and privileges suspended by the council when it is found to have continuously violated human rights espe cially when it is serving its term in the membership. The process of suspension of a council member requires the endorsement of two thirds majority of the general assembly vote. The recent example is the suspension of Libya which was unanimous. The mission of the UNHRC is to act as the main UN Avenue that states get to cooperate and dialogue on issues of human rights; it enables member states to deliver on their human rights obligations through dialogue, capacity building and technical assistance. The UNHRC also make suggestion to the general assembly when there is need for an international law in the field of human rights.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on United Nations Human Rights Council specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently through the universal periodic review, the UNHRC assess the review and the progress of human rights in the 192 UN member states, it can also act as an advisory committee capable of providing advice on particular topical human rights issues. The UNHRC also acts as a complaints committee through which non-governmental organizations, individuals and member states channel their complaints (Arroba 66-85). The mandate and the structure of UNHRC Under the resolution A/RES/60/251 that gave birth to the UNHRC, the following was deemed to be its mandate; The UNHRC is aimed at promoting human rights education, advisory services, technical assistance and capacity building. The UNHRC is also expected to serve as a forum for debate and dialogue on topical human rights issues and to facilitate the generation of international human rights law to be forwarded to the UN General Assembly. The UNHRC is also tasked with the responsibility of promoting full implementation of the human rights obligation of the member states and also to ensure that states adhere to human rights commitments seriously that may arise from human rights summits and conferences. Structure of UNHRC On the structure of the UNHRC, the council holds an organizational meeting at the inception of each year; these elections are presided over by the president and the four vice-presidents each representing a regional bloc in the council. The president and the vice-president form what is referred as the council bureau which is charged with the responsibility of procedural and organizational issues that relate to the council. The council bureau members elect the president from among them selves. The seat of the council is in Geneva Switzerland where the members meet three times in one year for duration of 10 weeks. The council can also hold special session when a member state makes a request, the special session should be sanctioned by a third of the members (Blanchfield 7). On its reporting, the council submits its annual reports to the UN General Assembly, consequently the council, after every five years should review and report its work and functions to the general assembly. Under the U NHRC the following are issues considered to fall in its premise of human rights: Adequate housing, business and human rights, children; the rights of children include violence against children.Advertising Looking for term paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Children trafficking and the basic rights of the child, civil and political rights, climate change, communication, cultural rights, democracy, detention, good governance and debt, disability and human rights, disappearance, discrimination, education, food, freedom of expression and opinion , freedom of religion and belief, HIV/AIDS, mercenary, indigenous groups, internal displacement, poverty and health among others. (UNHRC 1) The UNHRC enjoys a high profile as compared to its predecessor, the UNCHR because it is an organ of the United Nations General Assembly (Terlingen 12). The funding of UNHRC The major contributor to the monetary account of UNHRC is the USA, the congress for example have demanded that 2% of the UN regular budget should be dedicated to UNHRC. The USA congress has however sought to limit the US funding to the council because they still doubt its effectiveness (Blanchfield 12). UNHRC in the international relations UNHRC has been instrumental in the structuring of i nternational system, the United States immediately after joining, made it a signature of its piece of diplomacy. Several resolutions of the council have been favorable as well as unfavorable depending on the item of deliberation. The USA for example celebrated the outcome of the vote on banning any form of discrimination based on sexual orientation and the sanctioning of Iran. The US have used the UNHRC firmly to push for its objectives, this however does not erase the fact that the USA especially the Obama administration have been firmly supportive of the course of the council. The USA has effectively used the council to press for hard sanctions against Libya and Iran. Following the adoption of the universal declaration of human rights in 1948, several states have attached primacy to it. They have included it in their national constitutions, consequently the universal declaration of human rights led to the emergence of human rights institutions in the world to monitor and safeguard the upholding of the similar rights. In the international arenas, states have reneged on their promise of upholding, promoting and protecting human rights and now they have turned to be principal breakers or violators. The greatest field of concern in the dimension of human rights is the compliance factor. The establishment of the international criminal court was considered the best alternative fro those who violate the international human rights norms. The commitment by states to the compliance to human rights is demonstrated by its ability to; first is that it should ratify all human rights treaty, second is the fulfillment of reporting and acceding to the request by the supervisory bodies and third is the implementation of norms in their domestic law. Matters of Human rights have had primacy in the 21st century. The influence of the United National Human Rights Council has been taken seriously by States; states have incorporated matters of human rights in their foreign policy do cuments and agendas. The donor countries have consistently opted to using human rights record as a requisite when they want to allocate foreign aid whether military or economic, the issue of democracy and good governance has been made mandatory for any state to receive donor funding. This has been one of the effective ways of ensuring that human rights are protected. Consequently the UNHRC has been instrumental in whipping states against violation of human rights. The suspension of Libya was unanimous and required no vote. It sent a note that states that violate the universal human rights have no place in the international arena. It was the first time that a state had been suspended from the UNHRC since its inception. The suspension of a country, however, does not necessarily remove it from the UNHRC but will only hinder it from participating in its activities until that time that the General Assembly determines the fate of its reinstatement (Blanchfield 14). The project of UNHRC Th e introduction of the Universal Periodic Review by the UNHRC is considered one of the important projects. The Universal periodical Review analyses the status of countries’ human rights record. The UPR is universal and reliable. This has been considered the best way of defeating double standard in the identification of countries to be examined. The UPR calls on all the membership states to cooperate since failures comply may warrant an expulsion from the council which some states term as an embarrassing act (Arroba 73). Successes of the Council After its creation in 2006, the council has attempted to overcome obstacles that plagued the previous UNHCR which had been widely criticized, this is despite the fact that it is too early to criticize or to praise it. The main activity of the body at the present is to structure the council. The council being an organ of the UN General Assembly has managed to overcome the notion of protecting national sovereignty that has been a creation of states and a scapegoat against interference by any international body on the internal affairs of the state. The states have been using the privileges of national sovereignty to trample upon the rights of its citizens. The UNHRC therefore has managed to balance national sovereignty and the protection of human rights. This dilemma had complicated the work of the previous commission in the western Darfur region of Sudan where the Sudanese government felt that external intervention amounts to the violation of its national sovereignty. Being an organ of the General Assembly therefore has made the council more effective in its role to placing betterment of the world and the protection of human rights at the forefront over national interest (Arroba 80). The failures of UNHRC on its mission The UNHRC has been criticized for paying too much focus on the Israel in most of its sittings; this has been done at the expense of other human rights violation around the globe like in Darfur, Iraq and Zimbabwe. The failures of the UNHRC have been catastrophic and open to see, first to begin with, the Universal Periodic Review has not been universal in form; the continuous singling out of Israel in its objectives has led to its diminishing influence. Consequently, the universal periodic review which is global and covers all the global corners and not only the members of the council as it may be thought, it does not however include observers and this technically excludes the Palestinian Authority, this is considered an element of bias against Israel. Also the scrutiny of the human rights record of the member states annually as been considered a failure in the effectiveness of UNHRC. The pace amounts to sixteen countries per session and with three sessions per year; the scrutiny cycle takes four years to cover the 192 countries. Furthermore, the parameters of the review have been criticized; UNHRC bases its review on the information contained in treaty bodies. This implies that the blatant violators of human rights which sign few or no treaties at all will have little scope for review whereas the states which have demonstrate greatest respect for Human rights by ratifying many treaties will have a big scope for review, this creates bias against those who demonstrate high degree for the promotion and protection of human rights (Terlingen 43). Obstacles facing UNHRC The perception of member states that national interest takes precedence human rights issues has emerged the major challenge facing the council. Members states vote on the items of the UNHRC only based on their self interest. Consequently, the UNHRC is ineffective in discharging its duties. Since it is the organ of the UN, it falls under the command of the Security Council which is the supreme organ of the UN; as such its role is only to advice and not to act or command. Unless the Security Council agrees to any intervention the UNHRC may not act to prevent human rights violations (Arroba 1). Ther e have been criticisms of the council based on the notion that the council is politicized. This is due to the fact that it has allowed the membership of undemocratic and human rights abusers like Libya, China, and Cuba to join it. This casts aspersion on its role in protecting human rights (Carlsnaes and Simmons 155). My suggestions The report on the human rights situation in the Palestine territories should also include all human rights violations that were committed by the both parties and not to only concentrate on the human rights violations committed by Israel. This is an arbitrary and discriminatory. I also suggest that Israel becomes part of the regional bloc; being a member of the UN since 1948 and its denial to join one of the regional groupings is doing a disfavor to the state of Israel. In the UNHRC, it is the regional blocs who nominate and also vote for any member to any of the committees in the United Nations. Its rejection by states from the regional blocs meant that Israel can not qualify to be elected in one of the committees of UN since no regional bloc can forward or nominate Israel for election. This has been largely associated with the continuous condemnation of Israel by UN institutions. The Israel could have belonged to the Asian bloc but the Arabic countries have vehemently rejected it, no other bloc could allow Israel into its grouping because groupings operate via consensus. This has the effect of excluding Israel from UNHRC deliberation even if it is the main item on the agenda and hence makes it a target of manifest prejudice. I strongly suggest that bloc voting be abandoned completely; this will help in achieving the intended objectives of the council. Vote bloc is the best way of curtailing the dominance and the hegemony of the Organization of the Islamic countries (OIC). This however seems a mirage since almost all the regional blocs have perfected the art of voting as a bloc as show of solidarity, besides the OIC, European Union have perfected voting as a bloc to strengthen their union (Matas 10). Leadership from democratic countries; there has been lack of leadership in the council especially a leader from that countries that have an excellent human rights record. The voting regime has been detrimental to the objective of getting a able, and democratic leader, this is because unlike in other UN agencies who have devised a voting pattern that is based, the UNHRC votes based on blocs and whichever bloc that has a lot of members will be the winner and in this has been to the advantage of the OIC. Arroba, Angel. The New United Nations Human Rights Council: What Has Changed? What Can Change? WEBASA, 2006. Web. Blanchfield, Luisa. United Nations Human Rights Council: Issues for Congress. New York: DIANE Publishing, 2002. Print. Carlsnaes, Walter and Simmons, Beth. Handbook of International Relations. New York: SAGE, 2010. Print. Matas, David. Reforming the â€Å"Reformed† United Nations Human Rights Cou ncil. Institute of International Affairs of B’nai Brith Canada, 2009.Web. Terlingen, Yvonne. The Human Rights Council: A New Era in UN Human Rights Work. UNACHINA, 2007. Web. UNHRC. United Nations Human Rights Council. UNHRC, 2011. Web.

The Right Prepositions for Geographical Designations

The Right Prepositions for Geographical Designations The Right Prepositions for Geographical Designations The Right Prepositions for Geographical Designations By Mark Nichol The idiomatic idiosyncrasies among references to one’s relationship to geographical or topographical features make selecting the correct preposition a challenge for nonnative speakers, but even those born to English can stumble. This post discusses various classes of phrasing about location. One lives in a town or city, county, state, or nation but on a continent. One writes of one’s residence in a neighborhood or district, but a reference to a side of a city (Chicago’s North Side or New York City’s East Side, for example) is oriented with on. If one lives virtually or literally in the shadow of an imposing natural or artificial edifice, however, one might say that one lives beneath Telegraph Hill or works under the Gateway Arch. If one is referring to some point past one’s current location or another reference point, one might say that the place in question is, for example, below Broadway, even though no change in altitude is involved. In topographical contexts, the preposition depends on the position: One lives in the foothills or in the mountains, even though, presumably, one is not a cave dweller, or in a canyon or valley. But one lives, or stands, on the hillside or mountainside or on the hilltop or the mountaintop or on the valley floor. These distinctions apply to proper names, too: One vacations in the Catskills or backpacks in the Rockies, but one stands on Spyglass Hill (though one can either hike on or up it). One drives on or along a street, road, or highway, but one takes a turn at an intersection or exits at (or onto) an off-ramp. â€Å"In the sea† and â€Å"under the sea† refer to being or traveling beneath the surface of the ocean. However, on, just as on land, is the correct preposition for references to surface travel, though one might also refer to coursing along or over a sea route. One also moves on, along, or over a lake or another body of water, although on also applies to one’s position in reference to a coast, shoreline, or bank, as when visiting friends who live on the ocean, staying at a campsite on a lake, or having a house on a river. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Congratulations on or for?50 Types of PropagandaTypes of Ignorance

Business LAw 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business LAw 1 - Assignment Example The product of trade for this company is a motor vehicle spare part. It is imperative to note that, a private company limited by shares members are required to pay amounts they owe to the company as its debtors in respect of shares that were sold to them on credit and have not been paid in full. This study considers a limited liability company. This is because; it is the most popular form of establishing a commercial company in the UAE. Additionally, and it blends aspects of both partnership and corporate structures. In addition, article 281 to 255 of the CCL regulates the establishment of limited liability companies. Furthermore, it requires a minimum capital of Dh 300,000. Conversely, under the amended UAE law of 1984, a private company must have at least two shareholders (American-Arab Affairs Council, 1984). The new law allows incorporation of a company by a sole shareholder holding all the shares in the company. The management of LLC is vested in the managers. On the same note, it is easy to establish a LLC in the UAE since it requires a business licence only (Wattson, 2003). A memorandum of Association under UAE commercial Companies law Lord Cairns judicially defined a memorandum of association in Ashbury Railway Carriage Co Ltd v Riche as the charter, which define the inadequacy of the powers of a corporation to be established under the Act (Pennington, 2005). The following are the contents to the ADC Company Limited’s memorandum of association. ADC Company Limited Memorandum of Association 2012 1st The name of the of the company is the ADC Company Limited 2nd The registered headquarters of the corporation will be located in Dubai (UAE) 3rd The objects for which the company is established are buying, exporting of the motor vehicle spare parts amid such places as the corporation may from time to time decide and the responsibility of other things as is conducive to the attainment of the above object. 4th The liability of the shareholders is limited 5th The share capital of the company is Dh 300,000 divided into 1000 shares of Dh 300 each (Dine, 2009). Two recent changes in the UAE Federal or local laws and their minimum effects on the business Essentially, numerous changes have been made in the Federal laws on the LLC. The most recent ones include the valuation of the non-cash consideration for shares and the Fiduciary-like obligations of LLC’s managers (Mamoud, 2001). The new provision provides that non-cash consideration for shares in LLCs shall be valued at the cost of the contributing shareholders by one or more consultants approved by the competent authority. In addition, the agreement of all shareholders, if a competent authority approves such value. The proposed valuation procedure for non-cash consideration for shares in LLLCs is more burdensome than the previous and existing CCL, which allows shareholders to consent on a valuation and replicate that valuation in the articles of the LLC (United Arabs Emirates & Hall, 1984). It is fundamental to note that, the only non-cash consideration, which is currently accepted by a majority of authority in some Emirates, is the real properties. The principal effect expected upon application of the new valuation of non-cash consideration on LLCs shares is that, it is time consuming and hectic in execution (Rao, Kashani & Marie, 2010). However, the new aspect of valuation of non-cash consideration is advantageous in providing a high level of accuracy and transparency. On the other hand, the CCL on Fiduciary-like ob